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Κατηγορία: ????? 35

�?????? ? ?????????? ?. ???????

�?? ???? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ???????, ???? ?.?. ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ????????, ????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?� ?????, ???????????, ??? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????.

???? 1. ???? ????? ??4 ???????????????? ?????????? �?? ??????�, ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????.

??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?. ????* ????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???. ????????? (1792), ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?. ????, ??? ?????, ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.

* ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? 1400-1475. ?????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ?? ????????? ????????, ? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????, ?????????, ???. ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?.?.

? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?????????????? ???� ????, ??? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????, ???????, ????????? ???. (?????? ??? ???. ?. ????????* 1892-1896-1903) ?.?. ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????, ?? ??????????, ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????, ??? ????????? (???????), ??????????, ?????????, ?????? ??????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???. ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????????, ???????, ???????? ???????. ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????????. ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? (1), ???????? (2), ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? (3) (?????. 1051) ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???. ?????? ? ????????? (4) ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? (5). (??. ???? 2)

�

???? 2. ? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ? ????????? ?????? �??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????��. ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???????????, ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????.

�

???? 3A. ??? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ??? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????????????? ? ?? ??????? ??????????, ?????????????? ??? ??? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ????????? ???, ???? ??????????.

�

???? 3B. ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ????????????? ???????????. (??????? ?????)

?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????
?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ??????? ? ?????? (6) ? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? 2o ?.?. ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? (?????????) ?? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????. ? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? (?????????? ??? ??????? ?? 1304) ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?. ??????.
?? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ??? 18?? ??. ?.?. ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ???? ? Leake, ? Pouqueville, ? ??????? Holland*, ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????????, ? Landerer, ?� Stephani (7), ? Bell, ? Pomardi ?.?. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????????, ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? �? ???????, ???? ??????????, ???? ?? ????????? ???? ? ???? ? ????????, ???? ???? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????.
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* ?. ????????? (1857-1920). ????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????.� ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????.
* ?. ?olland ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? 1812-1813. ???. ?????? 1989. O ??????? ?. Holland ?? 1812 ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? �?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? (1812-1813) ???. ?????? 1989. ??? ???? ????? ????????????????� ???? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ?????????, ???????????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???. ???????? ??? ? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????????, ???????? ?.?.?. ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????. ???????????? ??????? ???????????. �?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????. ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ??? ? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????????, ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? - ??? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??? ???????????, ???? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? (?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????) ?????? ????,?? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????????. ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????. ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??� ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????, ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ??????????, ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? 103 ?? 104 ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????, ???, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????�.

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