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???? 1. ?? ??????? ????* ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 2012.
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�� �? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????????? ??? ? ?. Holland ?? 18124, ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????-??????. ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ???? ? ??????? ??? ?????, ? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? (??????? - ???????) ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? (???. 2). ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ?????, ????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????. ? ??????? ??? ???????, ?� ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ? ?????????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ? ?????, ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? (??????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????, ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????). ?????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ?????? ? ???????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?� ??? ????????, ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ?. ??????????5, ? ?????????6 ???. ????????? ???? ??? ????, ??? ???????? ??????, ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???. ??????? ???. ? ????. 4 ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? 500 ??????? (???????) ??? 424. ? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???. ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????, ???? ??? ?????? (2012) ??? �?????????� ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? �?????????� ??? ?? �???????�???� ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????-???????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????.
�� �? ????? ??? ????????? ?. ??????? (?????????) ?. ????????????? (??????????). ?? ????????????? (???????????) ?. ?????????? (???????????) ?. ??????? ???, (???????? ?. ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????). ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ?? 1970, ???? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????, ?? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????. ????? ?? ?????, ????????, ???? ? ?????? (??. ??????) ??? ???????????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ??? 1950 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ????????, ???. ? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? - ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ????, ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (???????????).

1. ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????, ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ???, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ???? ???????, �????????� ????. ?23.7.
2. ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. (????????? ??????)
3. �?? ?� ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????�.
4. ?. Holland, ?????? ??? ?????????-???????? 1812-1813 �? ??????? ??? ??????? ?� ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????��.
5. ?. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???. 69 ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ? ?. ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???? ??? ????????? ???, ��????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????�.
6. ????????? ?. 23,7 �?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????��

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???? 3. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???????. ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????* ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????????.� H� ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?????? (????????), ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? � ????????. ???, ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? (?. Bell Le Tour di monde 1879)
* O?.? 522 E?????????? ???????????? ????. ??. 522 (Dindorf) ???????? Ap. Minores lintres ex unico ligno Confectae

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